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Using the small angle approximations and the limit definition, we can differentiate sin x and cos x from first principles. The results are clean and must be memorised — but only hold when x is in radians.
What you'll be able to do
From first principles (using for small ): the derivative of is , and the derivative of is .
The first-principles limit only holds when is in radians, so these derivatives are only valid in radians.
Tip — Remember the minus: d/dx(cos x) = −sin x.
Formula recap
Common mistakes to avoid
Key takeaways
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