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Protons, neutrons and electrons, nuclide notation, isotopes and specific charge.
The strong nuclear force, why nuclei are unstable, and alpha, beta and gamma decay equations.
Antiparticles, the neutrino and antineutrino, photon energy, annihilation and pair production.
The four fundamental forces, their exchange particles, and reading Feynman diagrams.
Hadrons vs leptons, baryons vs mesons, and conservation of baryon number and lepton number.
The up, down and strange quarks, strangeness, and applying conservation laws to particle interactions.
Threshold frequency, work function and Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
Excitation and ionisation, discrete energy levels, photon emission and line spectra.
The de Broglie wavelength and electron diffraction as evidence for the wave nature of matter.
Work through each topic to complete the section.