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Internal energy, absolute zero, specific heat capacity and specific latent heat.
The ideal gas equation, the kinetic theory model, and Brownian motion.
Angular speed, centripetal acceleration and centripetal force.
The SHM defining equation, time period formulas, and energy in oscillations.
Free and forced oscillations, damping, and resonance.
Newton’s law of gravitation, gravitational field strength, and uniform/radial fields.
Gravitational potential, orbital speed and period, and Kepler’s third law.
Refracting and reflecting telescopes, magnification, and the Rayleigh criterion.
Black body spectra, Wien’s displacement law and the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
The HR diagram, the main sequence, giants, white dwarfs, and the life cycle of stars.
The Doppler effect for light, redshift, and Hubble’s law.
The Big Bang model, the CMBR, and critical density.
Work through each topic to complete the section.